Functional theories of translation

5.0 Introduction
The 1970s and 1980s saw a move away from the static linguistic typologies of
translation shifts and the emergence and flourishing in Germany of a
functionalist and communicative approach to the analysis of translation. In
this chapter, we look at:

1 Katharina Reiss's early work on text type and language function;
2 Justa Holz-Miinttiiri's theory of translational action;
3 Hans J. Vermeer's skopos theory which centred on the purpose of the
TT;
4 Christiane Nord's more detailed text-analysis model which continued
the functionalist tradition in the 1990s.