summery

Summary
Even-Zohar's polysystem theory moves the study of translations out of a
static linguistic analysis of shifts and obsession with one-to-one equivalence
and into an investigation of the position of translated literature as a
whole in the historical and literary systems of the target culture. Toury
then focuses attention on finding a methodology for descriptive translation
studies. His TT-oriented theoretical framework combines linguistic comparison
of ST and TT and consideration of the cultural framework of the
TT. His aim is to identify the patterns of behaviour in the translation and
thereby to 'reconstruct' the norms at work in the translation process. The
ultimate aim of DTS is to discover probabilistic laws of translation, which
may be used to aid future translators and researchers. The exact form of
ST-TI comparison remains to be determined; scholars of the related
Manipulation School led an interplay of theoretical models and case studies
in the 1980s, among which was Lambert and van Gorp's systematic
'scheme' for describing translations. Chesterman has later developed the
concept of norms