Equivalence & Equivalent Effect1
1. What are Nida's basic orientations? Please describe with examples.
2. Describe Kernel Sentence with example.
In this chapter I did not find the term "Nida's basic orientation". Nida provides "four basic requirements of a translation". These are described below:
1. making sense-
This means that a translation needs to provide a certain sense. A
translation of the sentence "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?"
can be "তোমাকে তুলনা করব কি আমি গ্রীষ্ষ্মের দুপুরের সাথে?". For a Bangladeshi reader it will not make any sense to compare one's beloved with intolerable "গ্রীষ্ষ্মের দুপুর".
2. conveying the spirit and manner of the original- This means while translating, a translator needs to be careful whether his/her translation is conveying the exact essence of the original text. In the above-mentioned sentence, Shakespeare tries to compare his beloved with something pleasant, therefore, the translator must convey the same message through his/her translated sentence. A translator can change the exact words "গ্রীষ্ষ্মের দুপুর" into something pleasant.
3. having a natural and easy form of expression- This means that a translation should be naturally and easily expressed. A reader must not feel that s/he is reading a translated version. A translation needs to be naturally expressed sothat it can stand on its own. For example, the word "with" of this above-mentioned sentence can be translated in সাথে, সহিথ, সঙ্গে etc. Nevertheless, it sounds more easy and natural if we use the word 'সাথে' here.
4. producing a similar response- This means that a translator can switch to something that is more understandable, gives similar response; rather doing a word-to-word translation. Thus Nida is advocating for dynamic equivalence. If we consider the above-mentioned example, then we can find a শীতের বিকেল as pleasant as England's summer's day.
You are right that Nida provided "four basic requirements of a translation" but if you check under 3.2.3 Formal and dynamic equivalence and the principle of equivalent effect (Page 41), you will find my question (2nd line). And did you find 'Kernel Sentence', which is my another question?
making sense, conveying the spirit and manner of the original, having a natural and easy for of expression and producing a similar response are the four main principle by nida in the basic requirment of a translation.. and to reply your answer no i couldnot find Kernel Sentence.. i got to re read it again..
Oh, thank you for helping me. Actually, Nida's 'two basic orientations' are similar with our previous topics, since from the very beginning we are discussing about two types of equivalence. Nida talks the same. He mentions about 'formal equivalence' and 'dynamic equivalence' and coins these two as 'two basic orientations'. I believe, we have talked much about these earlier and hopefully have clear conception regarding these.
And
yes, I have found 'kernel sentence'. Basically, this sentence can be
any sentence which is simple, active, declarative mostly having one
verb. This verb needs to be active and affirmative. A kernel sentence
allows us to elaborate it further. For example, 'We are having dinner'.
We can elaborate this kernel sentence in many ways, like, 'We all are having dinner', 'We all are having tasty dinner', 'We all are having tasty dinner which is cooked by my mother' etc. I hope I am correct.
A
kernal sentence does not allow any optional expression and is simple
mood wise and hence indicative. It is also unmarked in voice so it is
rather active than passive. An example would be "The boy washed the
glass."
Example of a non-kernal sentence would be "The boy did not wash the glass."
so basically what i understood in a short that kernal sentences is to elaborate the sentence further more not the transformation of the sentences...
